DCCD TRiDaS Object/Element Type Dictionary
Interior walls separating one portion of a space from another; sometimes permanent inside walls that divide buildings into various rooms, sometimes designed to move aside and open up a space. For entities other than walls that divide interior spaces, often incorporating bookshelves, cabinets, or drawers, use 'room dividers.'
partition wall
tussenmuur
mur de séparation
mur de refend
tussenwand
scheidemauer
partition
trennwand
Buildings belonging to and for the assembly of members of crafts, trades, or merchants' guilds
handwerkshaus
guildhall
maison de l'artisanat
ambachtshuis
Crosses in the form of the letter X, used as a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross or letter X and as a symbol for Saint Andrew, who is said to have been martyred on such a cross.
andreaskreuz
saint andrew's cross
croix de saint-andré
andreaskruis
Small subordinate ribs, inserted between the main ribs of Gothic vaults.
verbindingsrib
lierne
lierne rib
nebenrippe
A long narrow flat-bottomed boat, square at both ends and propelled with a long pole, used on inland waters chiefly for recreation
pünte-artiges fahrzeug
punt-like vessel
navire aux elements constructifs de plate
punter-achtig vaartuig
General term for any works made to oppose a small number of troops against a greater
Use for the habitable spaces between two floors of a building or between a floor and the roof, and for the horizontal divisions of the exteriors of buildings which tend to correspond to this division of the interior spaces
fortification
befestigung
versterking
fortification
construction défensive
verdedigingswerk
befestigungsanlage
festungswerk
wehrbau
defensive work
ouvrage de défense
Use for watercraft generally smaller and less seaworthy than ships and generally not designed to cross large open waters
boot
boat
bateau
boot
Use for small unfinished attic spaces immediately below roof ridges; Use for enclosed spaces under sloping roofs, between the roof and the ceiling of the uppermost story, especially in houses, whether used for storage or habitation. For open platforms in houses set close to ceilings or for large spaces below the roofs of commercial buildings or warehouses, use 'lofts (upper level floors)
loft
dachboden
grenier
oberes dachgeschoss
cockloft
soupente
attic
vliering
a facing of planks and piles placed along the bank of a river to prevent erosion
uferbefestigung
campsheeting
palée
oeverbeschoeiing
Individual dwellings designed to be occupied by a single tenant or family. May also refer to a building for human occupation, for some purpose other than that of an ordinary dwelling; with this usage, 'house' is generally prefaced (e.g., 'cowhouse,' 'almshouse').
wohnung
residence
demeure
domicile
habitation
woning
wohnhaus
maison d'habitation
woonhuis
haus
house
maison
huis
Top level concept for all watercraft
waterscooter
motomarine
Wasserfahrzeuge
watercraft
Includes both passages between sections of seats and the side divisions of buildings where the interior is divided into parts by columns or piers
aisle
nef latérale
zijbeuk
seitenschiff
Use for square or rectangular upright, masonry, supporting elements, and for similar elements of wood when classically treated; use also for massive upright supporting elements of any shape in Medieval architecture. For cylindrical uprights, except when Medieval as described above, and for all uprights in steel and concrete frames, use 'columns (architectural elements)'; for square wooden uprights when not classically treated, use 'posts.'
pile
brugpijler
pfeiler
pier
pilier
pijler
A structure built to support the lateral pressure of an arch or span
abutment
brückenkopf
tête de pont
bruggenhoofd
bridge head
Chests with deep storage space, at least one drawer, and a hinged lid. Frequently used for the storage of blankets.
dekenkist
bahut
blanket chest
truhe
Braces, such as struts, which strengthen a structure or framework against the wind.
kopfstrebe
strebe
windrispe
strut
drukschoor
windstrebe
wind brace
windschoor
écharpe de contreventement
Use for lightly built, slender, open craft of shallow draft that are paddled and not rowed and normally double-ended; may have sails
canot
pirogue
kanu
canoe
canoë
kano
Relatively small, decked sailing vessels similar to sloops, with a single mast and a bowsprit with, often two, headsails, but with the mast stepped farther aft.
kutter
cutter
cottre
kotter
Rooms in or attached to churches where the sacred utensils and vestments are kept
vestry
sacristy
almerei
gerbekammer
sakristei
sacristie
sacristie
Platforms extending part-way or all the way from side to side of a vessel, forming a covering for the space below and itself serving as a floor.
deck
deck
pont
dek
Describes watercraft with a flat hull, often used to traverse shallow bodies of water.
platboomd schip
plattbodenschiff
flat bottomed vessel
navire à fond plat
platbodem
Framing or form made of wood, steel, or plastic that serves as a support during construction, particularly as used to support the load of an arch, vault or dome during construction, for the pouring of liquid concrete in a foundation, and in other contexts.
formwork
casing
schalung
coffrage
bekisting
Horizontal stages or levels of a building positioned one above the other and having a habitable or usable room or set of rooms on each level. The term may also refer to horizontal divisions of the exteriors of buildings that typically, but not always, correspond to the levels of interior spaces; exterior indications of stories include tiers or rows of orders, columns, window mullions, or other features disposed horizontally one above another.
storey
étage
stockwerk
verdieping
stock
story
geschoss
Transverse beam cogged or tenoned on wall or arcade plates directly supports a pair of rafters or furnished wit ha rafter plate.
roof-beam
dachbalken
roof timber
poutre toit
dakbalk
Roof structure whose light rafters are supported by purlins and in particular bear the roofing materials.
pfettendach
side purlin roof
charpente à chevrons et pannes
gordingenkap
Prehistoric cemetery, typically of Bronze Age and Iron Age Europe. Grave fields are distinguished from necropoleis by the former's lack of above-ground structures, buildings, or grave markers.
gräberfeld
grave field
terrain des tombes
grafveld
A piece of art in three panels either placed side by side or hinged together
triplik
triptych
triptyque
triptiek
Generally used for oared fighting ships, principally of the Mediterranean, in operation from the Early Bronze Age until the 18th century CE; most commonly with numerous oars on one or several decks and equipped with a ram with which to damage and sink enemy vessels. For post-18th century steamships equipped with an armored prow as a primary weapon, use 'rams.'
galeere
galley
galère
galei
Beam running transversely across a buidling, trying together two or more parts of a structure.
bundbalken
tie beam
entrait
gebintbalk
Thick plank of wood
bohle
plaat
slab
plaque
Specific type of strake
virure de bordage
bottom strake
vlakgang
bodengang
Watercraft designed for use on canals generally long and narrow with bow and stern often nearly vertical for increased cargo capacity.
narrow boat
kanaalschip
kanalboot
canalboat
Rather a general term. Parallel beams used to support floor and ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders, bearing walls, or other members.
solive
bintlaag
vloerbalk
felderbalken
poutaison
solivage
solivure
zwischenbalken
bintwerk
gebälk
potrage
balklaag
balkenlagen
common joist
kinderbalk
kindbalken
joist
Lidded baskets, flat on one side and bulging on the other, intended primarily for holding fish, lobster, tackle, or the like; used especially with reference to those worn on the back or suspended from the shoulder by anglers.
visben
creel
viskaar
panier de pêche
gatter
fischkasten
Boards forming the end of anything, especially a bed.
running-board
trittbrett
footboard
marchepied
treeplank
Uppermost complete deck extending from bow to stern
großdeck
main deck
pont principal
overloopdek
Capacious, flat-bottomed vessels, usually intended to be pushed or towed, primarily for transporting cargo
kahn
barge
barge
aak
Area on a ship where food is prepared
kombüse
cook's galley
cuisine de bord
kombuis
Use for buildings equipped with machinery for grinding grain into flour
corn mill
flour mill
moulin à céréales
kornmühle
moulin à farine
korenmolen
Institutions that are staffed and equipped for the diagnosis of disease, for medical and surgical treatment of the sick and the injured, and for their housing during this process. The modern hospital also often serves as a center for investigation and for teaching.
ziekenhuis
hôpital
hospital
krankenhaus
Refers to the horizontal timbers laid across the principal rafters and supporting the common rafters in a roof.
gording
worm
filière
filière
pfette
purlin
fliering
panne
Structures designed or used for the storage of commodities or merchandise
storehouse
spijker
warehouse
speicher
grenier
spieker
Use for clearly articulated, often towerlike, building appendages containing only stairs
treppenturm
stair tower
staircase turret
tourelle d'escalier
tour-escalier
traptoren
Pendulum-driven floor clocks having cases about 6 feet high or larger, developed in England in the mid-17th century
grandfather clock
staande klok
horloge de parquet
standuhr
long-case clock
Use for structures of varying forms in gardens or parks designed to provide cool shady places of relaxation or retreats from summer heat
summerhouse
pavillion
teepavillon
pavillon de thé
theekoepel
tea pavillion
Refers to the ropes, wires, or chains on watercraft for securing or supporting masts, yards, and for hoisting, lowering, or trimming the sails.
rig
rigging
gréement
tuig
takelage
The strong outer works of a fortification, usually low enough to permit defensive fire
bolwerk
bollwerk
verschansing
pavois
bulwark
schanzkleid
Openings in the wall of a building, serving to admit light, usually to permit vision, and often to admit air.
venster
fenêtre
window
fenster
Use broadly for all sorts of walls constructed to resist attack.
verdedigingsmuur
mur défensif
weermuur
mur de défense
defensive wall
Verteidigungsmauer
Large, permanent, heavily fortified, defensive military positions, sometimes including a town. Larger and stronger than 'forts.'
vesting
forteresse
fortress
festung
Towers attached to churches
steeple
clocher
kirchturm
churchtower
tour d'une église
kerktoren
Large boxes with hinged lids intended for the storage of textiles, clothing, and other articles
truhe
box
kiste
chest
huche
kist
Use for the rooms or spaces in which bells are hung in a tower; for the entire tower structure, use 'bell towers.'
beffroi
belfry
glockenstuhl
klokkenstoel
Churches that form the center of an abbey. They typically adjoin the cloister, are linked to the dormitory by a stairway called the 'night-stair,' and have an assembly room or chapter house, which is often attached to the chancel at the eastern side of the cloister.
abteikirche
abbey church
abbatiale
abdijkerk
A wheel without spokes
Een schijfwiel is een wiel zonder spaken. Bij treinen worden praktisch alleen dit soort wielen toegepast.
scheibenrad
disc wheel
roue à toile pleine
schijfwiel
A framework of interwoven rods, poles, or branches; used with daub as a building material.
vitswerk
wattle
vlechtwerk
geflecht
traveau de tressage
traveau de nattage
clayonnage
flechtwerk
A part or division of a building enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling
kamer
zimmer
room
chambre
kammer
raum
chamber
pièce
vertrek
Vertical members connecting the apex of a triangular truss, as in a roof, with the base
kaiserstil
poinçon de croupe
koningstijl
spitzsäule
central vertical post
spire mast
poinçon
king strut
makelaar
spitzständer
poinçon (qui ne porte pas la faitière
Hull planking
vlakplank
bordage de la carène
bottom plank
bodenplanke
Use for constructions upon which religious sacrifice is offered. Includes both small, tablelike fixtures and larger, free-standing, outdoor structures. For the surface at which communion is celebrated in Protestant churches, use 'communion tables.'
altar
altar
autel
altaar
Religious images on, above, or behind the altar of a Christian church
altar
altarpiece
retable
altaarstuk
Stringed instrument. Smallest in the violin family
violin
violon
viool
violine
Areas used for burial or entombment
friedhof
cemetery
cimetière
begraafplaats
Use for subsidiary supplementary structures, whether additions to a main building or separate from it, but usually visibly distinct and often with a separate entrance.
dépendance
nebengebäude
annex
annexe
bijgebouw
Complexes where plants or animals are raised for livelihood or commerce
bauernhof
farmhouse
ferme
boerderij
Excavation in the ground into which waste is thrown
abfallgrube
waste pit
fosse à déchets
afvalkuil
Wall crowning consisting of architrave, frieze and cornice together
balkenlage worauf zimmerwerk ruht
tafelment
entablature
entablature
Paired timber below the roof plane, which is an element of a trasverse fram. It supports purlines and the roof cladding.
principal rafter
arbalétrier
untersparren
spantbeen
Use for buildings or sets of buildings erected as common living quarters for groups of soldiers or workers
barrack
kaserne
kazerne
baracke
barak
barracks
caserne
Nonstructural, outer, exterior wall covering of buildings.
dachschalung
boarded cladding
voligeage
dakbeschot
siding (material)
Walls that are constructed to resist lateral loads, such as walls that hold back banks of earth.
paroi de soutènement
wandbeschoeiing
revetment wall
retaining wall
revêtement mural
stützmauer
Top edge of the side of a boat
wash strake
coulisses
boeisel
dollbord
bulwark
opboeisel
dolboord
gunwale
plat-bord
Distinguished from 'log houses' by being generally more crudely built of timbers left round and joined at the corners by overlapping saddle-shaped notches.
blockbau
log building
construction en pièce sur pièce
blokbouw
Use for works of art in which images and forms are carried out primarily in three dimensions, especially those that retain the quality of being tangible objects or groups of objects.
beeld
skulptur
sculpture
sculpture
beeldhouwwerk
Decorative or protective facings applied to the lower portion of an interior partition or wall, such as wood paneling; Wall coverings consisting of panels of wood or other material joined in a continuous surface
wainscoting
lambris
holzverkleidung
panelling
boiserie
labrisering
Parapets or low screens composed of balusters and carrying a rail or other horizontal member that is usually heavy in proportion to the balusters themselves
balustrade
balustrade
balustrade
balustrade
The projecting portions of the outer wall of a fortification
bastei
bastion
bulwark
vallum
bastion
bollwerk
bastion
bastion
bolwerk
shipsterm
stringer
inwale
stringer
serre
dollbaum
inboard
préceinte interne
binnenboord
Full-length figures or busts placed on the masthead or bow of a ship.
galionsfigur
figurehead
figure de proue
boegbeeld
Single structures in the built environment.
édifice
gebäude
building
bâtiment
gebouw
Artificial navigable waterways.
canal
canal
kanal
kanaal
gracht
Sailing vessels of three or more masts, square-rigged on all but the aftermost mast, which is fore-and-aft-rigged.
bark (ship)
kahn
barque
barque
bark
Refers to long, wide, square-sawn, flat pieces of smoothed wood, thicker than 'boards.' A plank is typically characterized by being a length of timber sawn for building or other purposes to a thickness of from two to six inches, a width of nine inches or more, and eight feet or upwards in length.
beplankung
planking
planchéiage
bekleding
Wheels having grooved rims for carrying a rope or other line and turning in a frame.
block
blok
block
pulley
poulie
katrol
Use for simple watercraft constructed by hollowing out and carving a single log; found in cultures all over the world and developed at least during the Paleolithic era
einbaum
dugout
boomstamkano
piroque monoxyle
Horizontal structural members that span an opening in a wall and that carry the superimposed weight of the wall
sturz
lintel
linteau
latei
Structures spanning and providing passage over waterways, topographic depressions, transportation routes, or similar circulation barriers
brücke
bridge
pont
brug
Generally, the rear portions of watercraft.
achtersteven
hintersteven
stern
étambot
achtersteven
Foremost end of a beam or joist which is usually visible as poart of the façade and often decorated.
balkenende
balkenköpf
beam end
about
balkkop
shipsterm. A structural crosspiece sometimes forming a seat for a rower
ruderbank
thwart
banc de nage
roeibank
Short horizontal timber lying across a wall top which receives the end of a rafter
sattelbalken
sole piece
blochet
blokkeel
Central woody stem of a tree
stam
stamm
(tree-)trunk
tronc
boomstam
Small, ancient Roman fortified towns or outposts
castellum
castellum
castellum
castellum
Use for barriers to confine, control, or obstruct the flow of water
damm
dam
dam
barrage
Rooms or closets in which food, groceries, and other provisions, or silverware, dishes, and other items are kept.
provisiekamer
voorraadkamer
pantry
garde-manger
speisekammer
Barriers which swing, slide, tilt, or fold to close a doorway, usually of solid and finished construction and usually leading to or separating interior spaces. Use also for similar features that close a container or a piece of case furniture. For barriers of less solid or finished construction, and usually separating two exterior spaces, use 'gates.'
tür
door
porte
deur
Use for embankments built along a river or sea and set at some distance from it to control or retain flood waters. For embankments built only to prevent flooding of low-lying land use 'levees.'
deich
dike
digue
dijk
The strongest and securest parts of castles, often used as residences
turmburg
donjon
keep
donjon
donjon
Use for drainage structures that extend across and beneath roadways, canals, embankments, or traveled ways other than bridges.
düker
culvert
ponceau
duiker
Use for those parts of structures, usually located below ground level, that transmit building loads to the soil or rock underneath; when specifically distinguishing the support systems and areas of structures below ground, including the foundation, from the above-ground portions, use 'substructures.'
fundament
foundation
fondation
fundering
Implements punishment for hanging criminals, consisting of two, three or four poles connected by a crossbar and equipped with nooses.
galgen
gallow
potence
galg
Use for buildings or groups of buildings intended primarily to serve as a fortified residence of a prince or nobleman
burg
burcht
château
castle
château fort
kasteel
kastell
The fronts or forwardmost ends of watercraft
bug
proue
boeg
prow
bow
Floor timber specific to watercraft
legger
bodenwrange
floor timber
varangue plate
The rear part of a ship
heck
quarter
hinterschiff
l'arrière du vaisseau
achterschip
aft
Plank used to form the deck of a boat
decksplanke
deckplank
bordage de pont
dekplank
Receptacles or formed or flexible coverings designed to hold, store, or ship objects or substances.
dose
box
boîte
doos
The vertical members forming the sides of doorways.
türpfosten
door post
türständer
door jamb
piédroit d'une porte
deurstijl
Boxes or chests in which a corpse is enclosed for burial.
sarg
coffin
cercueil
doodkist
Substructures supported on piles, which are single or clustered timber, steel, or precast concrete columns serving as subsurface supports for vertical loads.
gründungspfahl
foundation pile
pilot de fondation
funderingspaal
Projecting, scroll-shaped members serving as brackets or corbels. Often used to support entablatures and cornices over doorways and windows.
konsole
bracket
console
console
bolster
chapeau
sleutelstuk
pillow
sattelholz
Strips fastened to the floor beneath a door, usually required to cover the joint when two types of floor material meet; may provide weather protection on external doors; for the lower sides and bottom of doorways, use 'doorsills'
schwell
türschwelle
doorstep
sill
seuil de porte
dorpel
onderdorpel
voetplaat
schwelle
threshold
seuil
drempel
Transverse arms of cruciform churches A series of steps or flights of steps connected by landings for passing from one level to another
querschiff
dwarsschip
kreuzschiff
transept
transept
transept
The topmost full-length deck of a ship
oberdeck
upper deck
pont supérieur
bovendek
Narrow boards used to build up a curved surface
daube
stave
douelle
duig
The covering, usually wood boards, plywood, or wallboard, placed over the exterior studding or rafters of a building; provides a base for the application of wall or roof siding.
doublage
huidbeplating
plankenbeslag
sheathing
revêtement
dubbeling
Remains of a tree when it has been cut down
baumstumpf
tree stump
souche
boomstronk
Storehouses or other repositories for grain, especially after it has been threshed or husked; sometimes also used to store corn
getreidespeicher
granary
grange
graanschuur
Excavations in the earth used for burial; for constructions raised over or around burial sites, use 'tombs.'
grab
grave
sépulture
graf
Mansions belonging to, or used by, the lord of a manor
herrenhaus
versterkt huis
manoir
manor house
buitenplaats
manor
Beam running transversely across a building tying together two or more parts of a structure
deckbalken
deckbinderbalken
superimposed tiebeam
solive
dekbalk
Use for piles driven into position at the site
rammpfahl
driven pile
pilot
heipaal
Designates ancient Roman storage buildings or warehouses, commonly used as granaries or for wine storage
horreum
horreum
horreum
horreum
Images produced in the Eastern Rite churches, since the 6th century, according to prescribed formulas of subject (Christ, the Virgin, saints, and the great feasts) and composition, for devotional use in the church or home. Most commonly tempera on panel, but may be in any two-dimensional or relief medium, including fresco.
ikone
icon
icône
icoon
Shaped wooden bars resting on the shoulders of one or more animals to allow them to pull together, especially for drawing a plow or a load
joch
yoke
joug
juk
A pair of small oars used by a single rower
scull
skull
godille
wrikriem
Case furniture consisting of a set of shelves, small drawers, or pigeonholes, fronted by one or more doors, and intended for the storage and sometimes the display of small objects. Also, similar built-in or fitted cases often designed for specific purposes, as in a kitchen or bathroom.
kabinettschrank
cabinet
cabinet
kabinet
Use for the outside, overhead enclosures of buildings or other structures, including the roofing and its structural framing
dak
dach
roof
toit
kap
toiture
Rooms or buildings that serve as sanctuaries or places of Christian worship. A chapel may be used for private worship in or attached to a church, palace, house, prison, monastery, or school, or it may be used for public worship of the established Church, subordinate to or dependent upon the parish church, the accommodation supplied by which it in some way supplements. The concept includes both freestanding chapels and rooms or recesses serving as chapels in churches or other buildings.
kapelle
chapel
chapelle
kapel
Yards which belong to churches and are used as places for burial
kirchhof
churchyard
kerkhof
cimetière de l'église
Arched structures, usually of masonry and forming a ceiling or roof.
gewölbe
vault
voûte
gewelf
Part of the shell of the hull of a boat or ship which, in conjunction with the other strakes, keeps the sea out and the vessel afloat
bordage
bordé
haut
schale
shell
bordgang
side strake
berghout
hautplanke
huidplank
hull plank
planche de bordage
huidgang
virure de bordage
hull strake
hautgang
outer hull
außenhülle
bordé extérieur
huid
Vertical-axled rotating machine developed for use on sailing ships to apply force to ropes, cables, and hawsers. The principle is similar to that of the windlass, which has a horizontal axle.
schiffswinde
capstan
cabestan
kaapstander
Rafters which are at right angles to the eaves of a roof and extend from the plate to the ridgeboard
dachsparren
rafe
rofe
common rafter
spar
dakspoor
keper
spar
sparren
rafter
chevron
spoor
Refers to the most sacred spaces of religious buildings; in a Christian church, the area containing the main altar.
heiligtum
sanctuary
sanctuaire
heiligdom
Use for passages affording entrance to the rooms of a building
corridor
gang
hallway
couloir
gang
Horizontal members which tie together and stiffen two opposite rafters, usually at a point about halfway up the rafters.
collar
kehlbalken
collar beam
petit-entrait
hanenbalk
Main structural members running for and aft along the bottom of a ship or boat, to which the frame of the vessel is attached shipsterm
scheepskiel
kiel
keel
quille
kiel
One of the main longitudinal beams of the hull of a ship
kielbalken
keel beam
barrot de quille
kielbalk
Use for instruments that measure and indicate the passage of time, especially by mechanical means producing a regularly recurring action and indicating, usually by hands or changing numbers, the hours and minutes; not designed to be worn or otherwise carried about on a person. For wearable timepieces, use 'watches.'
uhr
clock
horloge
klok
Use for spaces in Christian churches containing the high altar and reserved for the use of the clergy. Includes the choir when present. Use 'choirs' for the spaces in Christian churches, generally between the altar area and the nave, reserved for choristers.
chor
chancel
choeur
koor
Bottom-based merchant ships of the 13th to the 15th century, clinker-built with rounded bow and stern, fore and after castles, and very broad in the beam; occasionaly used as warships
cog ship
kogge
cog
cogue
kogge
Three-dimensional structure consisting of pendant posts, struts and straining beams.
hängewerk
hanging truss
supports du premier faux-entrait
hangwerk
Upright post forming part of two distinct types of standing trusses. Has two rows of posts or single axis row.
queenpost
hangstijlstifl van een staande dakstoel
poinçon
poteau
jukstijl
stuflstander
stuhlsaule
mittelsaule
Frames, usually of wood or metal, consisting of two side pieces called stiles which are connected by crosspieces, usually round, called rungs; used as a means of climbing up or down.
leiter
ladder
échelle
ladder
In contemporary military contexts, use for groups of huts, tents, or other shelters set up temporarily for troops; in historical contexts use for permanent or semipermanent places of encampment; use 'military bases' for contemporary permanent installations.
militärlager
military camp
camp militaire
legerplaats
Parapets or balustrades of a lightweight, partly open, metal or wood construction; Use for railings that are intended to be grasped by the hand in order to serve as a support; may also refer to the top members of balustrades or railings
geländer
railing
rampe
leuning
Shallow piers or rectangular columns projecting only slightly from a wall and, in classical architecture, conforming with one of the orders. Shipsterm
pilaster
pilaster
pilastre
pilaster
Steep mounds, a main feature of certain 11th- and 12th-century castles
burghügel
motte
mound
motte
Refers to buildings, groups of buildings, or spaces within buildings where objects of value such as works of art, antiquities, scientific specimens, or other artifacts are housed and displayed for public benefit.
museum
museum
musée
museum
shipsterm
kimmstück
chine block
pièce de bouchain
kimstuk
shipsterm
kimmstringer
bilge stringer
bordage de bouchain
kimweger
Buildings equipped with machinery for grinding grain into flour.
mühle
mill
molen
moulin
meelfabriek
moulin à farine
Cavities in the earth, usually not below ground water level, that are shallow in proportion to their width and generally created for materials extraction or burial.
loch
mulde
vertiefung
hole
fosse
grube
pit
trou
kuil
Strongly curved wood
Sterk gekromd hout.
krummer
crock
bois courbe
krommer
Rounded vessels that are generally wider than they are high, usually hemispherical or nearly so. A bowl may have a spreading base or foot ring and sometimes two handles or a cover. Distinguished from a cup, which is rather deep than wide.
schale
schüssel
bowl
bol
kom
Places of religious retirement or seclusion from the world for persons under religious vows
convent
couvent
kloster
monastery
monastère
klooster
Seats in the choir area of a church, wholly or partly enclosed on the back and sides.
chorstuhl
choir stall
stalle
koorstoel
Furniture that encloses a space and is generally boxlike in structure; intended for storage or display
schrein
kästchen
kisten
case
closet
cupboard
kast
schrank
case furniture
armoire
kastmeubilair
Sliding receptacles, fitted into furniture, that can be drawn out horizontally.
schublade
drawer
tiroir
lade
A large, privately owned area of land in the country, often with a large house
landgut
country estate
domaine
landgoed
The area on the outer surface of a ship's hull where the bottom curves to meet the vertical sides
aufkimmung
bilge
bouchain
kim
Use for watercraft engaged in commercial transport on oceans or large inland bodies of water
kauffahrer
kauffahrteischiff
trader
trading ship
navire marchand
handelsschiff
merchant vessel
navire de commerce
koopvaardijschip
Foundation hole for a mast, consisting of a heavy wooden block placed on the top of the keelson
mastblock
mast step
carlingue de mât
mastblok
Large casks for holding liquids, especially wine, ale, or beer
fass
kübel
tub
tun
vat
cuve
kuip
vat
tonne
barrel
tonneau
ton
Vertical architectural members used to define and divide spaces
pan de mur
paroi
wand
wall
mur
wand
Heavy timber of a floor frame, combined with smaller short floor joists which run crosswise.
mutterbalken
poutre maîtresse
moerbalk
floor beam
Stationary hoisting machines having a rotating drum around which a cable, rope, or chain is wrapped.
winde
winch
treuil
windas
Sound-producing apparatuses whose primary function is to play music
musikinstrument
musical instrument
instrument de musique
muziekinstrument
Designates places or areas occupied, modified, or planned to be inhabited by communities of human populations and that contain enough societal functions to be relatively self-sufficient.
siedlung
settlement
établissement humain
nederzetting
Use for chancel screens surmounted by a cross or crucifix; generally found in English church architecture;
chorbühne
lettner
rood screen
jubé
doksaal
Broad embankments or mounds of earth raised as a fortification
schutzwall
rampart
rempart
omwalling
Intersections of the sloping sides of roofs.
ridge
faîte
nok
first
dachfirst
firstlinie
Non-earthfast post rising from the group up to the ridge and usually supports a ridge purlin.
firstständer
ridge post
poteau de fond porteur de la faîtière
nokstijl
Cavities in the earth resulting from removal of soil and rock for purposes of building construction or archaeology.
ausgrabung
excavation
excavation
opgraving
Complex aerophones consisting of one or more rows of individual pipes which are made to sound by air under pressure directed from a wind-raising device and admitted to the pipes by means of valves operated from a keyboard or set of levers
orgel
organ
orgue
orgel
Use for official residences, frequently large and impressively appointed, of sovereigns or other high dignitaries; for other large stately dwellings but not official residences, use 'mansions.'
palast
palace
palais
paleis
Barriers composed of long stakes, usually with pointed tops, driven into the earth close together, sometimes connected by horizontal beams
palisade
palisade
palissade
palissade
The overhead surfaces of interior spaces, sometimes constructed to mask building systems or structural elements
decke
ceiling
plafond
plafond
Passages through fences or walls separating two exterior spaces, or the structures or ornamental constructions enclosing such passages; (Portal) Use for impressive, monumental entrances, gateways, or doorways usually to buildings or courtyards, especially those emphasized by stately architectural treatment
tor
gateway
porte
poort
Use for structures at, near, or over entrance gateways, usually containing a gatekeeper's dwelling. For subordinate buildings on the grounds of estates or parks used as the dwellings of employees, such as gatekeepers, but not located at entranceways, prefer 'lodges (caretakers' houses).'
torbau
gatehouse
guérite
poortgebouw
Structural members whose primary function is to carry transverse loads.
tragbalken
supporting beam
poutre
draagbalk
Use for miniature scale houses or sets of rooms designed to hold or display miniature furniture and furnishings and usually to be used in conjunction with like-sized dolls; known since the 16th century
puppenhaus
dollhouse
maison de poupée
poppenhuis
Stands for a speaker, especially the preacher of a sermon
kanzel
pulpit
chaire à prêcher
preekstoel
Use for the dining halls of monasteries or other religious institutions
refektorium
refectory
réfectoire
refectorium
Use for images, especially pictorial compositions, executed in relief
relief
relief
relief
reliëf
Use for painted or sculpted panels attached at the back of a Christian altar's mensa. For the Mexican and Spanish American paintings of Christian saints and other holy figures from Roman Catholicism, use 'retablos.'
altarbild
altar piece
retable
retabel
The residences provided for clergymen, usually parsons/vicars
presbytère
pfarrhaus
vicarage
cure
pastorie
A support beam which is placed under, or against something.
langschoor
strebe
(long) brace
décharge
schoor
Piece of wood attached transversely to a ship's mast to support and guide the sail.
rah
yard
vergue
ra
Any wall facings over less durable or attractive substances or constructions.
deckwerk
revetment
revêtement
dijkbeslag
Space for carrying cargo in a ship
frachtraum
laderaum
schiffsraum
hold
cale
scheepsruim
Long, wide, square-sawn thick piece of wood; Thin, flat, rigid objects, of considerable length or breadth compared to thickness, most often of wood, paperboard, or composite fiber materials. shipsterm
board
brett
plank
planche
plank
Use for long slender shafts, usually wood, shaped to a round handle or grip at one end and flat-tipped blade at the other; for rowing. For similar but shorter devices with round-tipped blades for propelling small boats, use 'paddles (watercraft equipment).'
shipsterm
riemen
aviron
riem
roeiriem
ruder
oar
rame
roeispaan
Short slender shafts usually with a handle at one end and a flat round-tipped blade at the other used in a vertical manner to propel small boats; may be double-ended; for longer but similar devices with flat-tipped blades, use 'oars.'
paddel
paddle
pagaie
peddel
Movable control surfaces used to impart direction to craft when in motion; usually located at the rear of vehicles.
ruder
rudder
gouvernail
roer
Designates Roman villas serving agricultural purposes
Romische villa (rustica)
Roman villa (rustica)
villa Romaine (rustica)
romeinse villa (rustica)
The structures inclined toward the water on which a ship may be built or lowered into the water; may also be used for the guides that support the ship's hull
schiffwerft
slipway
cale de carénage
scheepshelling
Places or enclosures where boats or ships are built or repaired
schiffswerft
shipyard
chantier naval
scheepswerf
Wood in the form of broad, thin, flat or sometimes curved pieces as, for example, in polyptychs, doors, and plywood construction
täfelung
panel
panneau
paneel
Flat surfaces, blocks, or floors, generally raised above the adjoining floor.
plattform
platform
estrade
platform
Open structure with a movable roof for storing loose hay on a farm
rutenberg
hay barrack
hooiberg (bâtiment agricole des Pays-Bas utilisé pour le stockage du grain)
hooiberg
Flat-bottomed boat with a square-cut bow, designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water.
pünte
punt
plate
punter
Use for unique works in which images are formed primarily by the direct application of pigments suspended in oil, water, egg yolk, molten wax, or other liquid, arranged in masses of color, onto a generally two-dimensional surface
gemälde
painting
peinture
schilderij
Fortification walls of cities
stadtmauer
city wall
enceinte de ville
stadsmuur
Buildings or portions of buildings for the housing and feeding of horses, cattle, and other such domestic animals, and often also for storing riding equipment and vehicles, and which occasionally have living quarters for associated personnel. For barnlike structures used primarily for housing farmstock and feed, use, for example, 'horse barns' or 'cattle barns.'
stalle
stable
écurie
stal
Pierlike masonry elements built to strengthen or support walls or resist the lateral thrust of vaults
mauerstrebe
buttress
contrefort
steunbeer
Seats for one person with a back or a back and arms. Distinct from 'stools' which have no back.
stuhl
chair
chaise
stoel
Tools consisting of a broad blade or scoop used for taking up, removing, or throwing loose matter, such as earth, snow, or coal. Hand-operated shovels typically have the blade or scoop attached to a long handle.
schaufel
shovel
pelle
schop
Individual buildings or groups of buildings designed or used as places of instruction
school building
école
schulgebäude
schoolgebouw
school
bâtiment scolaire
A particular type of spar that supports the sail
spriet
sprit
livarde
spriet
Community places for the regular assembly or congregation of Jews for liturgical services, assembly, and study apart from the service of the temple; since the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, worship at the synagogue is the sole place of public worship.
synagoge
synagogue
synagogue
synagoge
Equipment for steering a watercraft
ruderanlage
steering gear
appareillage à gouverner
stuurinrichting
Agricultural buildings with large, usually sliding doors, prominent roofs, and predominantly open spaces on the interior, primarily used as storage buildings for hay, grains, and farm equipment and shelters for livestock; does not include those structures, often termed barns, used for the processing of food and other agricultural produce, such as hop barns and tobacco barns
stadel
scheune
barn
grange
schuur
Artificial passages for water, fitted with a valve or gate for stopping or regulating the flow
lock
schleuse
sluice
écluse
sluis
Stairs whose tapered treads wind around, and engage in, a solid, central newel; Staircases that are circular in plan, consisting entirely of winders or wedge-shaped steps
newel-post stair
solid newel stair
escalier à noyeau
spindeltreppe
spiral staircase
escalier à vis
spiltrap
Distinctions among villages, towns, and cities are relative and vary according to their individual regional contexts. Generally, cities designate large or important communities with population, status, and internal complexity greater than most towns in the region.
city
stadt
town
ville
stad
Use for the principal public administration buildings of towns and villages housing offices for transaction of government business and places for public assembly
stadhaus
city hall
rathaus
town hall
hötel de ville
stadhuis
Use for openings or recesses in chimneys or walls in which fires may be built, as for heating or cooking; may also refer to low fireproof structures erected outdoors for cooking over open flames
herd
hearth
feuerstelle
fireplace
foyer
stookplaats
The hollow, main body of watercraft.
schiffsrumpf
hull
coque
scheepsromp
The unhewn portion of a felled tree, including a length cut off for use as firewood, construction, or another purpose.
log
grume
rondhout
rundholz
aanmelden
Arched roof truss made of two or more overlapping layers of curved boards or planks. The French Philivert de l'Orme can be considered to be its inventor.
bohlenbinder
Philibert Delorme roof
charpente à la Philibert-Delorme
philibertspant
Articles of furniture consisting of a flat, slablike top supported on one or more legs or supports
tisch
table
table
tafel
Refers to places devoted to the worship of a deity or deities. In the strictest sense, it refers to the dwelling place of a deity, and thus often houses a cult image. In modern usage a temple is generally a structure, but it was originally derived from the Latin 'templum' and historically has referred to an uncovered place affording a view of the surrounding region. For Christian or Islamic religious buildings the terms 'churches' or 'mosques' are generally used, but an exception is that 'temples' is used for Protestant, as opposed to Roman Catholic, places of worship in France and some French-speaking regions
tempel
temple
temple
tempel
Roofs which rise to a peak or ridge by inclined planes on all, usually four, sides, therefore requiring hip rafters.
walmdach
toit à croupes
schilddak
hip roof
hipped roof
walmdak
wolfdak
Roof structure whose load-bearing rafters are the most important elements. Their side pressure can be absorbed in different ways.
sparrendach
common rafter roof
charpente à chevrons
sporenkap
Mill with a tower supported by struts
galerieholländer
tower mill
moulin à galerie
stellingmolen
Artificial passages of wood or masonry, a dam or embankment, used for impounding the water of river, stream, or canal, and fitted with a valve or gate for stopping or regulating the flow.
outlet sluice
siel
drainage sluice
spuisluis
écluse
Short vertical member in a common rafter roof, rarely in trasverse frames of a purlin roof.
sparrenknecht
ashlar piece
potelet
standzoon
ashlar post
voetschoor
Wheels used as the primary means of maneuvering vehicles.
steuerrad
steering wheel
roue de gouvernail
stuurwiel
Leg of a table
tischbein
table leg
pied de table
tafelpoot
Use for tall structures that are at least roughly pyramidal, polygonal, or conical and that rise from towers or roofs
turm
tower
tour
toren
Stair units that consist of one tread and one riser, or any similar element providing a horizontal surface on which to support the foot of a person descending or ascending; The horizontal parts of steps
giron
stair
tread
treppenstufe
step
marche d'escalier
traptrede
Stringed instrument of the violin family. Tuned a 5th lower than a true violin
viola
altviool
viola
alto
Use for watercraft generally larger and more seaworthy than boats; usually propelled by sails or engines
schiff
ship
schip
navire
Refers broadly to devices or contrivances by which people, animals, or objects are conveyed or carried.
vehicle
véhicule
fahrzeug
voertuig
The surfaces of rooms or spaces on which one walks
floor
vloer
sol
fußboden
Designates independent and canonically erected monasteries, ruled by an abbot if occupied by monks and by an abbess if occupied by nuns
abtei
abbey
abbaye
abdij
Use for watercraft designed primarily to transport cargo
freighter
vrachtschip
frachtschiff
lastschiff
cargo vessel
frachter
cargo
Passages or rooms just inside the entrance of a residence, but sometimes with a vestibule between it and the outdoors. Prefer 'lobbies' for such spaces in larger public buildings.
entrance hall
flur
hall d'entrée
entreehal
General term referring to all long outdoor passages used by and generally created by humans, intended to allow people to pass between different places, usually one wide enough to admit of the passage of wheeled vehicles, horses, or travellers on foot.
way
chemin
road
weg
route
straße
weg
Rigid sheaths made of wood, metal, or leather, used to enclose and carry edged weapons or tools, or hand weapons such as carbines and rifles.
scabbard
fourreau
schede
schwertscheide
sheath
Use generally for rooms large in proportion to rooms for domestic functions, circulation, or storage; use also for the principal rooms of a Medieval house and for large central rooms in certain 19th- and 20th-century English and American houses.
parlour
hall
best room
sejour
pronkkamer
beste Stube
Material derived from or comprising roots, which are parts of a plant that develop, growing typically from the radicle and downward into the soil.
wurzelwerk
racines
wortelstelsel
roots
Big wooden post, supported on both sides by short, upward braces
pilier (de bois)
freestanding post
freistehender ständer
standvink
Wheels made to rotate by the direct action of water.
schaufelrad
paddle wheel
roue à aubes
schoepenrad
Tall structures that are at least roughly pyramidal, polygonal, or conical and that rise from towers or roofs.
turmspitze
spire
flèche
torenspits
Buildings that house facilities for the housing and care of orphans, who are children whose parents are either dead or otherwise unable to care for their child.
weeshuis
orphelinat
waisenhaus
orphanage
Bodies of water serving as ways or routes for travel or transportation
voie d'eau
waterway
waterweg
voie navigable
wasserstraße
A castle or stately home whose site is entirely surrounded by water-filled moats (moated castles) or natural waterbodies such as island castles in a river or offshore.
waterburcht
château-fort à douves
watercastle
wasserburg
Implements or mechanisms used for defense or attack in combat, hunting, or war.
wapen
arme
weapon
waffe
Any built structure used as a lookout station that affords observation of a surrounding area.
lookout tower
wachttoren
watchtower
tour de guet
wachtturm
wachturm
uitkijktoren
Use for rafters placed at the juncture of the inclined planes forming hip roofs
gratsparren
hip rafter
chevron d'arêtier
hoekkeper
Use for rafters that do not extend from the roof plates to the ridgeboards; employed in hip roofs to reach from roof plates to hip rafters. For rafters spanning between valley rafters and ridgeboards, use 'valley jacks
jack rafter
schifter
schiftsparren
karbeel
verkorte spoor die tot aan de hoekkeper loopt
moise
empanon
Use for the main central part of an interior divided into a high center with lower side portions divided by columns or piers, usually but not always in a church. Use also for the main part of a church without aisles but with a distinct chancel
kerkruimte
kirchenschiff
nave
nef
Inclined timber rising from a beam to a rafter or principal rafter in roof constructions with knee walls.
schubverteiler
sling brace
jambe de force
kreupele stijl
knee brace
Long brace which crosses one or more vertical timbers
langstrebe
passing brace
écharpe
kruisschoor
Horizontal members placed along the tops of walls or a series of studs to support joists or rafters
mauerlatte
wall plate
sablière
muurplaat
Use for the intersections of the sloping sides of roofs Use for the horizontal timbers laid across the principal rafters and supporting the common rafters in a roof
firstpfette
ridgepiece
ridge purlin
nokgording
piece faitière
faîtage
faîte
firstbalken
nokbalk
ridge-beam
ridge (pole/beam/piece)
vorstbalk
vorst
panne faitière
apex purlin
Long, regular channels or projections used for finishing and decorative purposes.
moulding
moulure
gesims
lijstwerk
molding
Square box that has no lid i.e. is open on the upper side. The planks from which the sides and bottom are made, are tightly fit together. Function: intended to hold content.
caisse
bac
behälter
bak
container
The strake immediately adjacent to the keel. There are two, one on each side of the keel.
kielgang
zandstrook
galbord
garboard strake
Series of vertical structural members which act as the supporting elements in a wall or partition.
wandstijl
wandständer
stud
poteau intermédiaire
muurstijl
Heavy transverse beam in which the mast is attached.
mast beam
zeilbalk
barrot de mât
mastbalken
V-shaped timber at the bow or the stern of a boat.
wrange
wrang
varangue
floor timber (v-shaped)
Upward brace at the upper end of a frame running for example from a post to a wall plate
curved brace
kopfband
guette
arch brace
korbeel
upward brace
ascending bracae
schoor
Use for wells sunk to extract water from a zone of saturation
water well
well
waterput
puits à eau
Brunnen
A ram was a weapon carried by varied types of ships, dating back to antiquity. The weapon comprised an underwater prolongation of the bow of the ship to form an armoured beak, usually between six and 12 feet (2–4 m) in length. This would be driven into the hull of an enemy ship in order to puncture the hull and sink, or at least disable, that ship.
rammbock
ram
bélier
stormram
A type of manor house specific to Utrecht in Holland owner by one of the knighthood
ridderhofstad
Small, usually isolated, fortification works of any form, commonly square or polygonal in plan, used to defend a prominent point
schanze
entrenchment
retranchement
schans
Wide plate of wood at the bottom of a posthold which prevents the post from sinking into the ground.
pfostenschuh
post-pad
sabot
paalschoen
patin (de bois)
Blade in context of a water wheel
schaufel
blade
aube
schoep
Types of construction in which walls, partitions, floors, and roof are wholly or partly made of wood; Use for constructions of any kind artificially fabricated of parts joined together in some definite manner and which may or may not provide enclosure or shelter??
gerüstbau
timber-framed construction
construction sur ossature
houtskelebouw
Refers to the members that form the base of the roof truss and prevent the rafters from spreading.
faux-entrait de portique
spantbalk
raised tie beam
spannbalken
zugbalken
truss beam
stuhlbalken
Earliest type of European windmill. The defining feature is that the whole body of the mill that houses the machinery is mounted on a single vertical post, around which it can be turned to bring the sails into the wind.
bockwindmühle
post mill
moulin sur pivot
standerdmolen
Horizontal timber often resting on wooden or stone brackets or projection running adjacent to a wall but not an integrated part of the wall frame.
streichbalken
applied beam
solive de rive
strijkbalk
Structural members whose primary function is to carry transverse loads
beam
balk
balken
poutre
juk
Small hills, small elevations in the earth's surface, or small mounds or heaps of earth or stones.
knoll
butte
monticule
wurte
tetre
terp
hillock
Pieces of wood or metal tapering to a thin edge; used to adjust elevation or tighten formwork, or to split wood or rock.
wig
coin
wedge
keil
Large artificial mound in the Netherlands used to provide refuge for during a seasonally flood
wierde
tertre
terp
warft
Artificial paved banks or solid landing places built parallel to and extending the shoreline to serve in the loading and unloading of vessels. For less fixed and solid structures built in similar locations and for similar purposes, use 'wharves'; use 'piers (marine landings)' when such lighter structures extend out over the water.
kai
quay
quai
kade
Structures, in post-Second World War contexts, built generally parallel to the shoreline so that vessels may moor alongside to receive or discharge cargo or passengers; prior to the mid-20th century, may refer broadly to any such landing places. For similar loading and unloading places built to extend from the shoreline out over water, use 'piers (marine landings)'; if such places are artificial solid banks or shoreline extensions built parallel to the shoreline, use 'quays.'
wharf
werf
Covered pits into which raw sewage is discharged, the liquid portion seeping or leaching into the surrounding porous soil, and the solids being retained in the pit to undergo partial decomposition before removal.
senkgrube
cesspit
fosse d'aisances
beerput
A large four-stringed instrument of the violin class; a bass violin tuned an octave below violas. They are structurally similar to violins but differ in having relatively deeper ribs and a shorter neck.
cello
cello
violoncelle
cello
Use, in post-Second World War contexts, for structures built generally parallel to the shoreline so that vessels may moor alongside to receive or discharge cargo or passengers; prior to the mid-20th century, may refer broadly to any such landing places. For similar loading and unloading places built to extend from the shoreline out over water, use 'piers (marine landings)'; if such places are artificial solid banks or shoreline extensions built parallel to the shoreline, use 'quays.'
Use for any of various structures built for loading or unloading goods or embarking or disembarking passengers onto and off of watercraft.
Use for artificial paved banks or solid landing places built parallel to and extending the shoreline to serve in the loading and unloading of vessels. For less fixed and solid structures built in similar locations and for similar purposes, use 'wharves'; use 'piers (marine landings)' when such lighter structures extend out over the water
anlege
anlegeplatz
anlegestelle
bootssteg
landungsbrücke
landungsplatz
landungsstelle
steg
landing stage
débarcadère
embarcadère
ponton
aanlegplaats
aanlegsteiger
landing place
landingsplaats
landung
atterrissage
Long narrow excavations, usually with sloping sides, dug in the earth for defense, drainage, or irrigation.
graben
greppel
fossé
ditch
sloot
Beam carrying a floor which forms a ceiling covering of a room
flurträger
solive
joisting
floor frame
floor joist
sommier
vloerbalk
deckenbalken
ceiling joist
Refers to deep, wide defensive ditches surrounding towns, castles, or houses and usually filled with water.
wassergraben
moat
burggraben
Water distribution structures
canalisation d'eau
waterleiding
wasserleitung
water pipe
water conduit
conduite d'eau
Short joist or beam set at right angles to interrupted joists to carry their ends. Allows an opening through a fllor, for example for a chimney or a stair.
wechsel
gousset
linçoir
trimmer
chevêtre
raveelbalk
wechselbalken
header
trimmer joist
trimmer beam
Devices or assemblies of devices designed to support artillery and heavy small arms such as machine guns. They range from simple tripods to complex supporting, pivoting, and elevating mechanisms on gun carriages.
rolpaard
lafette
carriage
affût
affuit
Long, narrow, usually steep-sided cuts into the earth, as to receive pipes, wires, or footings; may also be used for defensive cuts, especially when the excavated earth is heaped in front as a barrier. For defensive cuts in which the earth is not used as added protection, use 'fosses' or 'moats.'
loopgraaf
graben
tranchée
channel
cutting
trench
A member which, particularly in a wooden vessel, lies parallel with its keel but above the transverse members such as timbers, frames or in a larger vessel, floors. It is fastened to the keel partly to impart additional longitudinal stiffness to it but principally to bind the longitudinal members (keel and hog) to the transverse members (frames and floors).
zaathout
kielschwein
keelson
carlingue
kelson
In architecture, upright posts supporting the handrail at the top and bottom of a stairway or at the turn on a landing; also, the main posts about which circular staircases wind.
spindel
newel (post)
noyeau
trapspil
spil van een wenteltrap
Timber framework of a roof supporting the covering
truss
binder
roof framing
dachstuhl
dachgebinde
roof truss(es)
dachwerk
combles
roof construction
charpente
charpente de toiture
charpente de comble
kapconstructie
dachgerüst
dachtragwerk
Traverse beam trying a pair of posts to each other so that their sideways movement is prevented.
tussenbalk
zwischenbalken
faux-entrait
ankerbalken
anchor beam
entrait de portique
ankerbalk
Part of the shell of the hull of a boat or ship which, in conjunction with the other strakes, keeps the sea out and the vessel afloat. It is a strip of planking in a wooden vessel or of plating in a metal one, running longitudinally along the vessel's side, bottom or the turn of the bilge, usually from one end of the vessel to the other. On a longboat, one strake will typically be made up of numerous planks running end to end.
strake
gang
gang
plankengang
virure
Framed construction made of vertical borizonal and diagonal timbers. The spaces may have infill e.g. of wattle and daub.
fachwerk
vakwerk
pan de bois
charpente à treilis
charpente triangulée
timber framing
framed building
half timber work
structure de colombages
vakwerkbouw
fachwerkbau
Section of a building, roofed at an angle to the (often broader and taller) main range.
wing
seitenflügel
zijvleugel
vleugel
aile
Closely juxtaposed plankls on the rafters etc in the inside of the hull
bodenwegerung
floor ceiling
vaigrage de fond
buikdenning
An obstruction placed in tidal waters, or wholly or partially across a river, to direct the passage of fish.
visweer
fish weir
fischwehr
kiddle
Buildings or devices with sails or vanes that turn in the wind and generate power. The devices operate by means of a rotating shaft on which sails are mounted or placed at an angle so that the force of wind against them causes rotation, which in turn produced energy. Windmills were historically used chiefly in flat districts for operating a mill to grind grain or pump water; the older and most characteristic European form consists of a conical mill-house with a dome or cap supporting four sails. Modern devices tap the wind to produce electricity by using a disk of sails mounted on a framework.
windmill
windmolen
moulin à vent
windmühle
Load-bearing upgrifht constructional timber which forms a part of a wall. It is dug or rammed into the ground.
poteau
pile
pfahl
paal
Indoor living space on a ship
roof
deck house
rouf
roef
The stem is the most forward part of a boat or ship's bow [1] and is an extension of the keel itself. The stem is the curved edge stretching from the keel below, up to the gunwale of the boat. The stem is more often found on wooden boats or ships, but not exclusively.
vordersteven
voorsteven
vorsteven
étrave
steven
stem
steven
Tall spar, or arrangement of spars, erected more or less vertically on the centre-line of a ship or boat. Its purposes include carrying sail, spars, and derricks.
mast
mast
mast
mât
standerd
A public building at or within which goods, and the like, are weighed. Most of these buildings were built before 1800, prior to the establishment of international standards for weights
waaggebouw
weighhouse
poids public
wiegehaus
In architecture or other construction, refers to stiff, vertical, relatively isolated members of considerable length. Posts are typically round, square, or rectangular in cross-section and are used in building as supports for a superstructure or to provide a firm point of lateral attachment. They are characteristically relatively undecorated and made of a single timber, but may be made of stone, metal, another material, or composite materials. The term is particularly used for any main vertical support in a timber frame structure. For square uprights in classical style, and for square and rectangular masonry uprights, use 'piers (supporting elements)'; for most cylindrical uprights, and for all uprights in steel and concrete frames, use 'columns (architectural elements).'
ständer
staander
pfosten
post
post
Refers to panels of oak or other wood that is used to line the walls of a room. It often refers specifically to the decorative or protective facings applied to the lower portion of an interior partition or wall, whether of wood or another material. The term originally referred to a superior quality of oak from Russia, Germany, and Holland, that was used primarily for fine panel-work.
wainscot
wagenschot
täfelung
lambris
Refers to a device utilizing a water wheel or otherwise operated by water with the purpose of running a mill to grind grain or to produce or process a product. It may also typically refers to the building or structure housing or supporting the device.
moulin hydraulique
waterradmolen
water mill
watermolen
moulin à eau
wassermühle
Stiffening deck member supported at its extremities by knee connections to frames or bulkheads
decksbalken
deckbeam
barrot (de pont)
dekbalk
Timber that is part of the transom, i.e. the surface the forms the stern of a boat
wing transom
barre d' hourdi
heckbalken
transom timber
lisse d' hourdi
hekbalk
shipsterm
kielplanke
keel plank
bordage de quille
kielplank
shipsterm
knie
knee
courbe
knie
Movable or fixed objects or equipment, which may be either functional or ornamental, particularly objects for sitting, reclining, or storage, such as chairs, beds, tables, cabinets, etc., in a dwelling, business, or public space.
möbel
furniture
meuble
meubel
Use for openings in horizontal positions, as between the decks of a ship, and for doors horizontally divided, the upper part being opened for ventilation or so that articles may be passed over the lower part
untertür
hatch
puce
onderdeur
Upright wall within the hull of a ship
schot
schott
bulkhead
cloison
scheidingswand
Upright structural member or post at the stern of a (generally wooden) ship or a boat, to which are attached the transoms and the rearmost left corner part of the stern.
stevenbalken
barrot de poupe (arrière)/proue (avant)
stevenbalk
stem post
sternpost
Vertical timber in a timber-framed wall which in contrast to a post, is hardly load-bearing.
stijl
puncheon
stiel
stud (short)
potelet
A piece of wood let into a wooden hull to replace decayed wood
spunt
rombaillet
spund
graving piece
romaillet
inzetstuk
A beam in a double flooring system which provides intermediate support to a series of floor beams nad reduces their span. Is alsways situated below the floow beams and of approximately equal thickness.
onderslag
unterzug
binder
poutre
onderslagbalk
Oversized oar or board to control the direction of a ship or other watercraft prior to the invention of the rudder.
gouvernail-rame
steuerriemen
steering oar
aviron de queue
stuurriem
A raised platform or walkway on a ship providing a passage.
passerelle
passe-avant
gangbord
gangway
passavant
gangboord
Largest and lowest-pitched instruments of the violin family, having four, or more rarely, five strings, and varying considerably in size and shape.
double bass
basse
bas
bass
contrabas
kontrabass
contrebasse
Generally, the sleeping places of humans and animals. Specifically, permanent pieces of furniture comprised of a bedstead, which is the wooden or metal support, and the bedding, including the mattress and cover.
bett
bed
lit
bed
Plucked lutelike chordophones with built-up ribs, gently-waisted body, fretted neck, flat peg disc, rear or machine tuning pegs, frontal string holder combined with bridge, and large circular soundhole. Their size, form, and number of strings can vary.
gitarre
guitar
guitare
gitaar
Railings that are intended to be grasped by the hand in order to serve as a support; may also refer to the top members of balustrades or railings.
handlauf
handrail
main courante
handlijst
Rooms, often wholly or mostly below ground level, used for storage of food and often other items; for similar areas serving utility purposes or as living spaces, use 'basements.'
keller
cellar
cellier
kelder
Buildings for public Christian worship that are distinguished historically from chapels and oratories, which are buildings that are in some respect private, or not public in the widest sense. Church architecture generally somewhat follows standard models, which vary depending upon the date, location, and characteristics of the congregation.
kirche
church
église
kerk
The projecting, uppermost features of classical entablatures; use also for similar features crowning a wall, in any style; corona: Overhanging vertical members of a cornice in classical architecture, supported by bed moldings and crowned by cymatia, usually with a drip to throw rainwater clear of the building.
corona
kranzgesims
cornice
corniche
kroonlijst
Use specifically for plucked chordophones developed in the European Renaissance, having a large pear-shaped body composed of thin, narrow ribs, a flat top, central circular soundhole covered by a rose, and from seven to ten frets on the neck. For the general class of all chordophones with the plane of the strings running parallel to the resonator and a neck that serves both as string bearer and as handle, see 'lutelike chordophones.'
laute
lute
luth
luit
Slender, vertical, usually nonstructural bars or piers forming a division between doors, screens, or lights of windows; for the small members that divide glazing areas and support the panes or the verticals that separate the panels in panel doors, use 'muntins.'
montant
montant
post
pfosten
mullion
meneau
vensterstijl
Vessels built and armed for combat purposes
kriegsschiff
warship
navire de querre
oorlogsschip
A thicker/wider part of the keelson, in which the bottom side of the mast rests. The foundation hole distributes the pressure of the mast.
mast-foundation hole
mastspur
mast step
emplanture de mât
mastspoor
Curved timbers scarfed together to form the lower part of the compound rib of a ship
genou de couple
futtock
zitter
Refers to wooden or metal posts on a ship, whale-boat, quay, or pier, used for securing ropes. In the case of a pier, the bollards may also be made of concrete and may be used to prevent passage by automobiles.
poller
rolle
bitt
dolphin
bitte
bitte (d'amarrage)
bitton
beting
beting
bollard
bollard
bolder
Short and wide, thick plank
platte
plate
plaat
Large beams that span between the two walls or sides of a structure.
quergurt
querriegel
quervergurtung
transverse timber
barrot
poutre transversale
dwarshout
querbalken
sommier transversal
cross beam
dwarsbalk
Any of various broad, relatively shallow, open vessels with a flat bottom, concave sides, and nearly level rim, sometimes having a cover; made of pottery, glass, metal, wood or another material and used for many purposes, especially for holding or serving food. In modern usage it is typically reserved for vessels at a dining table used for serving or holding food other than the round, flat or very shallow object used by the person dining, which is called a 'plate'; however, formerly the plate was also called a 'dish.'
schüssel
coupe
schale
dish
plat
schaal
General term for armor pieces carried in the hand or on the arm, used to parry an opponent's blows or provide shelter from projectiles. They have existed worldwide throughout history in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, and materials.
buckler
schild
shield
bouclier
schild
Material objects contrived for amusement rather than for practical use by children or pets, or intended as collectibles by adults. Toys are generally miniature versions of real beings or objects that lend themselves to imaginative or imitative play. Toys may also be items for use in games. Among the earliest toys were dolls and balls.
spielzeug
jouet
speelgoed
toy
Structures extending from the shore into a body of water and built to influence current or protect the entrance to a harbor or river from shoaling. For similar structures built to control or direct seashore erosions, use 'groins (erosion protection works)'; use 'wing dams' when such erosion control structures occur along banks of rivers or streams.
steg
jetty
appontement
steiger
Ascending series or flights of steps, sometimes connected by landings, leading from one level to another; typically used for passing from one floor to another in a house or other building.
staircase
treppe
stairs
escaliers
trap
Heavy plank resting on the ship sides, with a square hole in the rear into which the mast fits
Hier wordt onder mastbank verstaan: een dwarsscheepse zware plank op de bovenzijde van de boorden, met in de achterzijde een vierkant gat, waarin de mast past. Buiten het begrip mastbank, noemt Van Beylen (1985, 151) tevens als alternatieve benamingen ‘mastdoft’ of ‘zeilbank’. De benaming ‘mastdoft’ betekent feitelijk ook mastbank, aangezien een ‘doft’ een roeibank is. Bij van Dale (2005, 2094) wordt onder mastbank echter een nagelbank verstaan.
banc d’étambrai, banc de mât
banc de mât
mastducht
mast thwart
banc d’étambrai
mastbank
Refuges in a city established outside the walls where in times of war and looting monks could take refuge.
Refugiehuizen zijn vluchthuizen in een stad, waar buiten de wallen gevestigde kloosterlingen in tijden van oorlog en plundering de wijk konden nemen.
refugium
refugium
refugium
refugehuis
In complex castles, the spaces between the outer and inner walls
ouvrage avancé
vorburg
voorburcht
outer bailey
Circular frameworks of wood, metal, or other hard material often with cogs or teeth on the rim used to transmit or modify force and motion in machinery or a mechanical contrivance.
wagenrad
rad
wheel
roue
wiel
Specific to ship building - standing part of a floor timber, to elongate this floor timber.
(VOC - Scheepsbouw): spantdeel dat aansluit op vloerwrang
oplanger
futtock
allonge
auflanger
In river barges the ends of the bottom planks and the horizontal portions of the chines in the aft and stern are often covered by heavy wooden boards or plates, the stern plates. These reach a few centimetres beyond the ends of the bottom planks and chine-blocks.
De uiteinden van de vlakplanken en de horizontale delen van de kimmen in de voorsteven en de achtersteven, worden bij schepen van het type Zwammerdam afgedekt door zware houten planken of platen, de stevenplaten. Deze steken enkele centimeters uit buiten de uiteinden van de vlakplanken en de kimstukken.
bugholz
prow block
épaulure
stevenplaat
A cross-connection within a ship's hull, which partly constitutes the skeleton thereof. A frame usually consists of several components (e.g. floor timbers and futtocks).
Een dwarsverbinding binnen een scheepsromp, die mede het geraamte daarvan vormt. Een spant bestaat meestal uit meerdere delen (b.v. leggers en oplangers). (Rapporten Archeologische Monumentenzorg 144 (2007))
frame (ship)
spant
spant
couple
Cases or structures that surround or enclose such items as works of art, mirrors, or documents, serving as support or protection or to call attention, while leaving the items visible.
frame
lijst
cadre
rahmen
An open space in which are placed one or more gallows. In the course of time these fields disappeared, but well into the 18th century they still were to be found in many places, both in the Netherlands and abroad.
galgenacker
gallows field
galgenveld
A house behind another, tending to be smaller,connected to the front part by means of a corridor, loggia, or a different kind of structure. Such connections are common in port cities, for example behind canal houses in the city of Amsterdam. It is therefore a separate house.
In de eerste betekenis is het achterhuis een ander, vaak kleiner, huis dat met een (voor)huis is verbonden door middel van een gang, loggia of een ander soort bouwwerk. Dergelijke verbindingen komen vaak voor in havensteden, zoals bijvoorbeeld achter grachtenpanden in de stad Amsterdam. Het gaat dan dus om een apart huis.
achtervleugel
rear wing
achterhuis
hinterhaus
arrière-corps (de la maison)
In shipbuilding and ship archaeology this refers to the more or less horizontal bottom of a ship, excluding the part at the rear and front where it bends upwards. The bottom of a ship consists of bottom planks and other internal timbers
In de scheepsbouw en scheepsarcheologie gebruikelijke benaming voor de bodem, de min of meer horizontale onderkant van een schip, tot waar deze naar boven buigt bij de kim. Het vlak is feitelijk het samenstelsel van vlakplanken, inhouten (met name leggers) en eventuele wegering.
boden
fond
sole
bodem
vlak
schiffsboden
bottom (floor)
carène
A plank that is part of the ceiling on a ship (i.e. of the planking on the inside of the hull). It runs parallel to the ship's length-axis
wegerplanke
weger
ceiling plank
weger
vaigre
wegeringplank
bodenwegerung
Beam of coniferous wood having a cross-section of 6.5 x 16.5cm, sometimes 15, 14, or 13cm high.
Balk van naaldhout met een doorsnede van 6,5 x 16,5 cm, soms 15, 14 of 13 cm hoog.
basting
bohle
badding
batten
Assemblies built into a wall, consisting of two upright members (doorjambs) and a horizontal member (doorhead) and providing support on which to hang the door
chambranle
türstock
door frame
cadre de porte
deurkozijn
Use for those surfaces or portions of objects that face forward or are regarded as the most important or useful. For the adjective describing the location of something at or near the front of something, use 'front' from the Attributes and Properties hierarchy; Use for those exterior faces of a building which are substantially in one plane and seem to have been designed with special regard to their conspicuousness or association with entrance. Distinct from 'elevations (building divisions),' which may constitute any side or face of a building or large interior space
gevel
pui
giebel
façade
façade
voorgevel
Short strake employed to reduce the width of plank required where the girth of the hull increases or is necessary due to a tuck in the shape. It is commonly employed in carvel and iron/steel shipbuilding
totgang
splissgang
stealer
virure perdue
insteker
A short horizontal pole projecting from a wall, on which the floorboards of scaffolding rest.
boulin
putlog
gerüstholz
korteling
Detached structures in public contexts containing one or more seats and a pit serving as toilets; distinguished from 'outhouses' which are similar structures in domestic contexts. For rooms that are within buildings and have such simple facilities, use 'privies.'
gemak
latrine
latrine
latrine
latrine
A ridge turret is a turret or small tower constructed over the ridge or apex between two or more sloping roofs of a building. It is usually built either as an architectural ornament for purely decorative purposes or else for the practical housing of a clock, a bell or an observation platform. Its function is thus different from that of a roof lantern, despite a frequent similarity of external appearance.
roof turret
dachreiter
ridge turret
dakruiter
Huts or boxes to shelter a sentry at his post.
poste de guet
poste de garde
wachtpost
wachtposten
sentry box
guard post